Compose 高级特性
Docker Compose 的高级用法和特性
📋 目录
配置文件覆盖（override）
docker-compose.override.yml
Docker Compose 会自动读取 docker-compose.override.yml 文件来覆盖默认配置。
# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- "8080:80"# docker-compose.override.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
web:
volumes:
- ./app:/app
environment:
- DEBUG=true使用多个配置文件
# 使用多个配置文件
docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d环境变量文件（.env）
.env 文件
# .env
COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME=myproject
HOST_PORT=8080
DB_PASSWORD=secretpassword在 Compose 文件中使用
version: '3.8'
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- "${HOST_PORT:-8080}:80"
environment:
- DB_PASSWORD=${DB_PASSWORD}扩展字段（extends）
使用 extends
# docker-compose.base.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
base:
image: nginx:latest
environment:
- NODE_ENV=production# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
web:
extends:
file: docker-compose.base.yml
service: base
ports:
- "8080:80"注意：extends 在 Compose 文件格式 3.x 中已废弃，建议使用 YAML 锚点。
健康检查配置
服务健康检查
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:80/"]
interval: 30s
timeout: 3s
retries: 3
start_period: 40s依赖健康检查
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
db:
image: postgres:13
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U postgres"]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5资源限制配置
资源限制
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
deploy:
resources:
limits:
cpus: '1.0'
memory: 512M
reservations:
cpus: '0.5'
memory: 256M更新资源限制
# 更新服务资源限制
docker-compose up -d --no-deps web部署配置
部署选项
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
deploy:
replicas: 3
update_config:
parallelism: 2
delay: 10s
restart_policy:
condition: on-failure
max_attempts: 3重启策略
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
restart: always
# 或
restart: unless-stopped
restart: on-failure
restart: noYAML 锚点和别名
使用锚点
version: '3.8'
x-common-variables: &common-variables
NODE_ENV: production
DEBUG: false
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
environment:
<<: *common-variables
PORT: 3000
api:
image: node:16
environment:
<<: *common-variables
PORT: 8080实用技巧
条件配置
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
# 根据环境变量条件配置
deploy:
replicas: ${REPLICAS:-1}网络隔离
services:
frontend:
image: nginx:latest
networks:
- frontend
backend:
image: node:16
networks:
- backend
networks:
frontend:
backend: